Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services

Bar-On, Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,

Living Planet Report 2022 – Building a nature-positive society.

 Almond, R.E.A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D. & Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. 

https://media.wwf.no/assets/attachments/lpr_2022_full_report.pdf

Nøyaktig hvor mye raskere arter utryddes enn naturlig strides de lærde om. Samtidig er den ikke lik for alle arter. Men uansett om tallet er mellom 100 og 1000, eller et sted rundt, er en ting helt sikkert: nemlig at dagens utryddelseshastighet er unormalt høy og den akselererer.

«Dagens utryddelsesrate er rundt 1000 ganger så høy som bakgrunnsutryddelsene» (naturlig utryddelse)»: Pimm, Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014). The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection.

 Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 

“Dagens utryddelsesrate er rundt 100 ganger så høy som bakgrunnsutryddelsene» (utsagnet gjelder spesifikt vertebrater i dette tilfellet): Ceballos, Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M., & Palmer, T. M. (2015). Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. 

WWFs rapport om naturens tilstand: Living planet report 2022.

https://www.wwf.no/dyr-og-natur/truede-arter/living-planet-report

Troposfæren er 8 til 14,5km høy ifølge NASA: NASA gov (2013, 22. januar). 

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/atmosphere-layers2.html

Skjellum, H., Skjerdingstad, A. (2019, 19. oktober). Kom for sent til start – så satte han norsk rekord. 

https://www.nrk.no/sport/jakob-ingebrigtsen-rakk-nesten-ikke-starten-_-sa-satte-han-norsk-rekord-1.14748536

Ut fra IPCC sin figur får man over 40 ganger så mye, mens andre steder skriver oppimot 50 ganger så mye. Her: IPCC AR6 WG1 CHPT 5 | fig. 5.12. 

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-5/

IPCC AR5 WG1 FAQ 8.1 | How Important Is Water Vapour to Climate Change. 

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2020/05/WGI_AR5_FAQ_EN.pdf

Gjennomsnittstemperaturen på Venus er 464 grader celsius: NASA Solar System Exploration (2022, 21. juli). 

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/681/solar-system-temperatures/

Carbon Dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels.

https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels

Dette kalles også for Melanković-syklusene. Les mer om det her: 

Dette skyldes albedoeffekten, altså refleksjonsevnen til en flate. Lyse flater, som is og snø, har høyere albedo enn mørke flater, som asfalt eller hav. Når det blir mindre snø og is på den nordlige halvkule reduseres albedoeffekten og mer varme absorberes på jorda. Les mer om det her: 

https://energiogklima.no/klimavakten/co2-i-atmosfaeren/

Eksperter bruker ofte litt ulike tall for temperaturøkningen, stort sett mellom 1,1 og 1,3 grader. Dette skyldes at forskere bruker ulike årstall for når den industrielle revolusjonen startet, fordi noen beregner tallet ut fra gjennomsnittstemperaturen det siste tiåret, og fordi temperaturen gjør små svingninger fra år til år. Se første side i: Thunberg, G. (2022). Klimaboka. Cappelen Damm.

History of the Earth’s temperature since 1880. 

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/videos/history-earths-temperature-1880

IPCC AR6 WG1 Box TS.2 | Paleoclimate, Figure 1. 

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf

Wei-Haas, M. (2019, 9. september). Last day of the dinosaurs reign captured in stunning detail. 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/last-day-dinosaurs-reign-captured-stunning-detail

Ritchie, H. (2022, 30. november). There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history. 

https://ourworldindata.org/mass-extinctions?fbclid=IwAR2J4WlvxnhuqFnZGlUTPCBnDqHqqsITCtUaknMJS9GfT7Gq45zeSABsYFI

Jaggard, V. (2019, 31. juli). Why did the dinosaurs go extinct? 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dinosaur-extinction

Delsett, L.L. (2021, 17. august). Perm-trias-utryddelsen. 

Bhargava, A. & Granados, S. (2022, 22. august). Europe’s driest summer in 500 years threatens crops, energy production. 

https://www.reuters.com/graphics/EUROPE-WEATHER/DROUGHT/jnvwenznyvw/

Saifi, S., Sharma, A. & Khan, A. (2022, 26. august). Pakistan floods hit 33 million people in worst disaster in a decade, minister says. 

https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/25/asia/pakistan-flooding-climate-minister-intl-hnk/index.html

Elster, K. (2022, 21. mars). Forskerne klør seg i hodet over ekstrem varmebølge i Antarktis og Arktis. 

https://www.nrk.no/urix/ekstrem-varmebolge-i-antarktis-og-arktis-1.15900495

Thompson, A. (2017, 21. Juli). Here’s how much Arctic Sea ice has melted since the ‘80s

https://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-melt-since-the-80s-21637

Lindsey, R. (2022, 19. april). Climate Change: Global Sea Level. 

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level

Hovedfunn i tredje del i sjette hovedrapport. 

https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/ansvarsomrader/klima/fns-klimapanel-ipcc/dette-sier-fns-klimapanel/sjette-hovedrapport/hovedfunn-i-tredje-del-i-sjette-hovedrapport/

IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC 

Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty

 [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-24, doi:10.1017/9781009157940.001. Link her: 

https://www.epa.gov/coral-reefs/basic-information-about-coral-reefs

What does coral have to do with medicine? 

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_medicine.html

Warren, Price, J., Graham, E., Forstenhaeusler, N., & VanDerWal, J. (2018). 

The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C.

 Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 360(6390), 791–795. 

https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/ansvarsomrader/klima/fns-klimapanel-ipcc/dette-sier-fns-klimapanel/sjette-hovedrapport/utslipp-og-opptak/

Dette er målene som ble meldt inn i forkant av COP27: United Nations Environment Programme. (2022). 

Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies.

https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2022

https://miljostatus.miljodirektoratet.no/tema/klima/

United Nations Environment Programme. (2022). 

Lenton, T. M., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2019). Climate tipping points - too risky to bet against. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03595-0

The Guardian. (2022, 2. februar). Antarctica’s ‘Doomsday Glacier’ keeps scientists at bay with iceberg and sea ice.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/02/antarctica-doomsday-glacier-scientists-frustrated-iceberg

Dima, M., Nichita, D. R., Lohmann, G., Ionita, M., & Voiculescu, M. (2021).Early-onset of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakening in response to atmospheric CO2 concentration. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00182-x

Caesar, L., McCarthy, G. D., Thornalley, D. J. R., Cahill, N., & Rahmstorf, S. (2021). Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00699-z

Lenton, T. M., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2019). Climate tipping points - too risky to bet against. Nature (London), 575(7784), 592–595. 

«Amazonas inneholder mer enn dobbelt så mye karbon som finnes i alle land sine årlige CO2-utslipp». Verdens klimagassutslipp var på 36,3 milliarder tonn i 2021, ifølge IEA (i). Det er estimert at Amazonas lagrer rundt 123 milliarder tonn, mer enn tre ganger så mye (ii).

IEA. (2022, 08. mars). Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021. Hentet i januar 2023 fra  

https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021

Gatti, L. V., Basso, L. S., Miller, J. B., Gloor, M., Gatti Domingues, L., Cassol, H. L. G., Tejada, G., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Nobre, C., Peters, W., Marani, L., Arai, E., Sanches, A. H., Corrêa, S. M., Anderson, L., Von Randow, C., Correia, C. S. C., Crispim, S. P., & Neves, R. A. L. (2021). Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6

«Amazonas dekker et område som er større enn Europa uten Russland.» Måten dette ble regnet ut på: størrelse Amazonas = 6 700 000 km², størrelse hele Europa = 10 530 000 km². Totalt areal Russland = 17 100 000 km². Cirka 23% av Russland er i Europa (ifølge google): 17 100 000 km² x 0,23 = 3 933 000 km². Hvilket følger oss til følgende regnestykke: 10 530 000 km² - 3 933 000 km² = 6 597 000 km².

Welch, C. (2019, 27. august) How Amazon forest loss could affect water supplies far away. 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-cutting-the-amazon-forest-could-affect-weather

Finer M, Mamani N. (2022, 16. september). MAAP #164: Amazon tipping point – where are we? 

https://maaproject.org/2022/amazon-tipping-point/

Kimbrough, L. (2022, 20. september). How close is the Amazon tipping point? Forest loss in the east changes the equation. 

https://news.mongabay.com/2022/09/how-close-is-the-amazon-tipping-point-forest-loss-in-the-east-changes-the-equation/

Butler, R. A. (2021, 23. november). Amazon destruction. 

https://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_destruction.html

Rodríguez, S. (2022, 7. januar). How Costa Rica reversed deforestation and raised millions for conservation. 

https://dialogochino.net/en/uncategorised/how-costa-rica-deforestation-millions-for-conservation/

1,52t/year per person vs 14,86 for USA (a) og “all energi fornybar” (b).

Ritchie, H., Roser, M. & Rosado, P. (2020). 

International Trade Administration. (2021). 

Energy Resource Guide - Renewable Energy – Costa Rica.

https://www.trade.gov/energy-resource-guide-renewable-energy-costa-rica

Krüger, L. (2022, 16. mai). Kenya: På vei mot å bli 100 prosent fornybar. 

https://www.panoramanyheter.no/afrika-baerekraftsmalene-fornybar-energi/pa-vei-mot-a-bli-100-prosent-fornybar/311157

IPCC. (2022). Summary for Policymakers. In

: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change.

 Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. S.10. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001. 

Lessons from a decade of emissions gap assessments.

 United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. 

https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30022/EGR10.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

United Nations Environment Programme (2022). 

Hausfather, Z. (2022, 6. april). Analysis: What the new IPCC report says about how to limit warming to 1.5C or 2C. 

 Analysis: What the new IPCC report says about how to limit warming to 1.5C or 2C - Carbon Brief

Ifølge SAS sin kalkulator for flyutslipp.

Dette tallet er regnet ut av Robbie Andrew, seniorforsker ved CICERO Senter for klimaforskning, for 

Bruckner, B., Hubacek, K., Shan, Y., Zhong, H., & Feng, K. (2022). Impacts of poverty alleviation on national and global carbon emissions.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00842-z

Bruckner, B., Hubacek, K., Shan, Y., Zhong, H., & Feng, K. (2022). Impacts of poverty alleviation on national and global carbon emissions. 

Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2021). 

. Konvertering fra EUR til NOK gjort med DNBs valutakalkulator 12.01.2023 (kurs 10,82). Income threshold (PPP €) 123 900 = 1 340 226,30 kr. Wealth threshold (PPP €) 807 300 = 8 732 564,10 kr.

Bergvall, A.S.L., Gausen, S. & Ringnes, T. (2022, 05. april). Zero: Regjeringens politikk bommer grovt på klimamålet.

https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/3439vv/zero-regjeringens-politikk-bommer-grovt-paa-klimamaalet

https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/fad4e2d774cf45ac8ad0e8cbb1ea093f/no/pdfs/kld_regjeringas_klimastatus_og_-plan.pdf

Tallene til alle utslippssøylene på side 41-44 er regnet ut spesielt til 

, av Robbie Andrew, seniorforsker ved CICERO Senter for klimaforskning. Alle tallene gjelder utslippsnivåer i 2020. Disse utslippsnivåene kan ha blitt påvirket i noen grad av pandemien, men det ble likevel valgt å bruke tall fra 2020 fremfor tall fra 2021, siden utslippstallene for Kina ikke var komplette for 2021.

Søgaard, Mathiesen, Bjørkelo, Eriksen, Hobrak, Mohr, & Smith. (2021). 

Arealbruksendring til utbygd areal Faktagrunnlag for vurdering av avgift på utslipp fra arealbruksendring – rapporterte utslipp og mulige kartgrunnlag.

Det vil si å utrydde ekstrem fattigdom og halvere antall mennesker som lever i relativ fattigdom.

Tandon, A. (2022, 14. februar). Eradicating ‘extreme poverty’ would raise global emissions by less than 1%. 

https://www.carbonbrief.org/eradicating-extreme-poverty-would-raise-global-emissions-by-less-than-1/

Fengler, W., & Kharas, H. (2022, 9, mars). 

A long-term view of COVID-19’s impact on the rise of the global consumer class. 

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2021/05/20/a-long-term-view-of-covid-19s-impact-on-the-rise-of-the-global-consumer-class/

Fengler, W., & Kharas, H. (2022, 9. mars). 

A long-term view of COVID-19’s impact on the rise of the global consumer class.

Hallegatte, S. (2022, 13. april). Getting it right on development: We do not have to choose between people and climate. 

https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/getting-it-right-development-we-do-not-have-choose-between-people-and-climate

Klimafotavtrykket til offentlige anskaffelser. 

https://dfo.no/nokkeltall-og-statistikk/innkjop-i-offentlig-sektor/klimafotavtrykket-til-offentlige-anskaffelser

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. (2019). 

1.5-Degree Lifestyles: Targets and Options for Reducing Lifestyle Carbon Footprints. Technical Report.

 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Aalto University, and D-mat ltd., Hayama, Japan. DOI: 10.57405/iges-6719. 

https://www.iges.or.jp/en/publication_documents/pub/technicalreport/en/6719/15_Degree_Lifestyles_MainReport.pdf

Steen-Olsen, K., Solli, C. og Larsen, H. N. (2021). 

https://www.framtiden.no/aktuelle-rapporter/886-forbruksbasert-klimaregnskap-for-norge/file.html

The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030.

https://www.ipcc.ch/2022/04/04/ipcc-ar6-wgiii-pressrelease/

 FNs klimapanel med kraftfull rapport om klimaløsninger. 

https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/aktuelt/nyheter/2022/april-2022/fns-klimapanel-med-kraftfull-rapport-om-klimalosninger/

Welsby, D., Price, J., Pye, S., & Ekins, P. (2021). Unextractable fossil fuels in a 1.5 °C world. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03821-8

Ritchie, H., Roser, M., & Rosado, P. (2022). Energy mix.

https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#citation

Evans, S. (2020, 13. oktober). Solar is now ‘cheapest electricity in history’, confirms IEA. 

Majority of New Renewables Undercut Cheapest Fossil Fuel on Cost.

https://www.irena.org/news/pressreleases/2021/Jun/Majority-of-New-Renewables-Undercut-Cheapest-Fossil-Fuel-on-Cost

Weisbrod, K. (2023, January 29). New wind and solar are cheaper than the costs to operate all but one coal-fired power plant in the United States. 

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30012023/wind-solar-coal-power-plant-costs/

Consumption subsidies for fossil fuels remain a roadblock on the way to a clean energy future.

https://www.iea.org/commentaries/consumption-subsidies-for-fossil-fuels-remain-a-roadblock-on-the-way-to-a-clean-energy-future

Parry, I., Black, S., & Vernon, N. (2021). Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update on Fossil Fuels.

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/09/23/Still-Not-Getting-Energy-Prices-Right-A-Global-and-Country-Update-of-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-466004

Offshore wind law and regulation in Denmark.

https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/cms-expert-guide-to-offshore-wind-in-northern-europe/denmark

https://global-climatescope.org/markets/cr/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rsted_(company)

IEA. (2022, 27. oktober). World Energy Outlook 2022 shows the global energy crisis can be a historic turning point towards a cleaner and more secure future. 

https://www.iea.org/news/world-energy-outlook-2022-shows-the-global-energy-crisis-can-be-a-historic-turning-point-towards-a-cleaner-and-more-secure-future

IEA: «Stronger policies will be essential to drive the huge increase in energy investment that is needed to reduce the risks of future price spikes and volatility, according to this year’s WEO». (2022, 27. oktober). World Energy Outlook 2022 shows the global energy crisis can be a historic turning point towards a cleaner and more secure future. 

To kilder: «halvparten i verden» (a) og «90% i Norge» (b).

Ritchie, H., Roser, M. & Rosado, P. (2020, desember). Renewable energy. 

https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy

https://www.fornybarnorge.no/om-naringen/

Revised Pakistan 2022 Floods Response Plan Final Report

Revised Pakistan 2022 Floods Response Plan Final Report (Issued 15 Dec 2023) | OCHA (unocha.org)

Glordia, D. (2024, 5. mars). Exclusive: World on brink of fourth mass coral reef bleaching event, NOAA says. 

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/world-brink-fourth-mass-coral-reef-bleaching-event-noaa-says-2024-03-05/

Johannessen, O. M. (2022, 14. oktober). Sommerisen i Arktis kan reddes. Forskersonen.no. Hentet i mars 2024 fra 

https://www.forskersonen.no/arktis-ipcc-klima/sommerisen-i-arktis-kan-reddes/2093164

Storbråten, B. & Skyrudsmoen, L. (2023, 3. november). Klimagassutslippene gikk ned i 2022

https://www.ssb.no/natur-og-miljo/forurensning-og-klima/statistikk/utslipp-til-luft/artikler/klimagassutslippene-gikk-ned-i-2022#:~:text=i%202022.%20Dette%20er%20en%20svak%20nedgang%20sammenliknet,minst%2055%20prosent%20fra%201990-niv%C3%A5%20innen%202030%20%28regjeringen.no%29

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). 

Emissions Gap Report 2023: Broken Record – Temperatures hit new highs, yet world fails to cut emissions (again).

https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2023

Fyson, C., Grant, N., Das, N., Maxwell, V., Reynolds, C., Roelj, J., Schleußner, C. & Waterton, O. (2023, 22. November). When will global greenhouse gas emissions peak? 

https://climateanalytics.org/publications/when-will-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-peak

Khalfan, A., Nilsson Lewis, A., Aguilar, C., Lawson, M., Jayoussi, S., Persson, J., Dabi, N., & Acharya, S. (2023). Climate Equality: A planet for the 99%.

https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/10546/621551/2/cr-climate-equality-201123-en.pdf

Khalfan, A., Nilsson Lewis, A., Aguilar, C., Lawson, M., Jayoussi, S., Persson, J., Dabi, N., & Acharya, S. (2023). Climate Equality: A planet for the 99% | English methodology note.

https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621551/mn-climate-equality-201123-en.pdf;jsessionid=B9D26A6F8B32D873CEF697C6FD25F458?sequence=5

World Energy Investment 2023: Overview and key findings. 

https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings

Fernández, L. (2024, 7. februar).  Share of renewables in Ørsted's heat and power generation from 2006 to 2023. 

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1255324/orsted-share-renewables-power-generation/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20renewables%20accounted%20for,company%20is%20headquartered%20in%20Fredericia

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